##### Unit 25. Can, could, and (be) able to 

~ 할수있다.





#1. Can



a. We use "can" to say that something is possible or allowed, or that somebody has the ability to do something


* We use can + base form (can do / can see, etc.):


+ We can see the ocean from our hotel window.

+ Can you speak any foreign languages?

+ I can come and help you tomorrow if you want.

+ The word "dream" can be a noun or a verb.


* The negative is can't(= cannot)


+ I'm afraid I can't come to your party on Friday.




#2. is able to



a. You can say that somebody is able to do something, but can is more common:


+ We are able to see the ocean from our hotel window.



b. Can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past)

So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to


 I can't sleep.  

 I haven't been able to sleep recently. 

 Tom can come tomorrow.

 Tom might be able to come tomorrow. 

 Maria can speak French, Spanish, and English.

 Applicants for the job must be able to speak two foreign languages.





#3. Could


a.  the past of can (use it especially with : see / hear / smell taste feel remember understand)


+ We had a nice room in the hotel. We could see the ocean.

+ She spoke in a very soft voice, so I couldn't understand what she said.


b. use it to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something:


+ My grandfather could speak five languages.

+ We were totally free. We could do what we wanted.




#4. Could & was able to


positive

 negative

could

 use it for general ability

 couldn't

was able to

 use it somebody did something in a specific situation

 managed to



compare:


+ Jack was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody. 

+ Jack and Ted played tennis yesterday. Ted played very well, but Jack managed to / was able to beat him.






# Exercises


+ We had a really good vacation. It couldn't have been better.

+ I couldn't have wear that hat. I'd look sill, and people would laugh at me.

+ We managed to find the restaurant you recommended, but we couldn't have find it without the map that you drew for us.

+ The staff at the hotel was really nice when we stayed there last summer, They couldn't have been more helpful.

+ That's nice of you, but I couldn't have come anyway. I was away all last week.





##### Unit 24. When I do / When I've done, When and if

~ 할 때,





#1. When I do (When)


"I'll call you when I get home from work" is a sentence with two parts:


- the main part : I'll call you    and

- the when part : when I get home from work


a. The time in the sentence is future (tomorrow), but we use a present tense (I get) in the when part of the sentence.

We do not use will in the when part of the sentence.


+ We'll go out when it stops raining.

+ When you are in Los Angeles again, give us a call.

+ (said to a child) What do you want to be when you grow up? 



b. The same thing happens after while / before / after / as soon as / until or till :


+ I'm going to read a lot of books while I'm on vacation.

+ I'll probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit a museum.

+ Wait here until(or till) I come back.




#2. When I've done (Present Perfect) 



a. You can also use the present perfect(have done) after when / after / until / as soon as:


+ Can I borrow that book when you've finished it?     너 그거 끝낸거면 나 책 좀 빌릴 수 있을까?

+ Don't say anything while Ben is here. Wait until he has gone.    벤이 여기있는 동안 아무것도 말하지마. 그가 가기까지 기다려.



b. If you use the present perfect, one thing must be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen together):


+ When I've called Kate, we can have dinner.

(First I'll call Kate, and after that we can have dinner.)


Do not use the present perfect if the two things happen together:

+ When I call Kate, I'll ask her about the party. (not When I've called)





#3. When and if 



a. If, we normally use the simple present (if I do / if I see, etc.) for the future:


+ It's raining hard. We'll get wet if we go out. (not if we will go)

+ I'll be angry if it happens again.

+ Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late.



b. Compare when and if:


* We use when for things that are sure to happen:

+ I'm going shopping later. (for sure) When I go hopping, I'll get some cheese.


* We use if for things that will possibly happen:

+ I might go shopping later. (it's possible) If I go shopping, I'll get some cheese.


+ If it is raining tonight, I won't go out. (not When it is raining)

+ Don't worry if I'm late tonight. (not when I'm late)

+ If they don't come soon, I'm not going to wait. (not When they don't come)





# Exercises


+ I'm going out now. If anybody calls while I am out, can you take a message?


+ I'll fine a place to leave to live. Then I'll give you my address.

=> I'll give you my address when I find a place to live.


+ I'll go shopping. Then I'll come straight home.

=> I'll come straight home after I do the shopping or I've done the shopping.


+ It's going to get dark. Let's go home before that.

=> Let's go home before It gets dark.


+ You want to sell your car. Jim is interested in buying it, but he hasn't  decided yet. 

You ask: Can you let me know as soon as you decide or you've decided?


+ The traffic is very bad in your town, but they are going to build a new road. 

You say: I think things will be better when they build the new road or have built the new road.


+ We can eat at home, or if you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.






##### Unit 23. Will be doing and will have done

미래진행과 미래완료





#0. Study this example situation:


Now, these people are standing in line to get into the stadium.


An hour from now, the stadium will be full.

Everyone will be watching the game.


Three hours from now, the stadium will be empty.

The game will have ended. Everyone will have gone home.




#1. Will be doing (Future Continuous)



a. I will be doing something (future continuous) = I will be in the middle of doing it:


+ I'm leaving on vacation this Saturday. This time next week, I'll be lying on the beach or swimming in the ocean.

+ You have no chance of getting the job. You'll be wasting your time if you apply for it.


* Compare will be doing with other continuous forms:

- past: At 10:00 yesterday, Kelly was at the office. She was working.  어제 10시에 켈리는 사무실에서 일하고 있었다.

- present: It's 10:00 now. She is at the office. She is working.  지금은 10시다. 그녀는 사무실에서 일하고 있다.

- future: At 10:00 tomorrow, she will be at the office. She will be working.  내일 열시에, 그녀는 사무실에서 일하고 있을 것이다.



b. We also use will be doing to talk about complete actions in the future. (필요한 것이 완전히 갖춰진, 완전한 행동)

In these examples, will be -ing is similar to (be) going to ...




#2. Will have done (Future Perfect)



a. We use will have done to say that something will already be complete before a time in the future. (미래의 어느 시점에 이미 완료될 일)


+ Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning. She won't be at home at 9:00 - She'll have gone to work.

+ We're late. The movie will already have started by the time we get to the theater.


* Compare will have done with other perfect forms: 

present perfect: Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years.

future perfect: Next year they will have been married for 25 years.

past perfect: When their first child was born, they had been married for three years.




# Exercises


+ Josh goes to work every day. After breakfast, he leaves home at 8:00 and arrives at work at about 8:45. He starts work immediately and continues until 12:30, when he has lunch (which takes about half an hour). He starts work again at 1:15 and goes home at exactly 4:30. Every day follows the same routine, and tomorrow will be no exception.


+ Call me after 8:00. We'll have finished dinner by then.


+ Ben is on vacation, and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, he will have spend all his money before the end of his vacation.


+ Lisa is from New Zealand. She is traveling around South America right now. So far she has more than 3,000 miles.

(* 그래서 지금까지... 이런의미)


+ If you need to contact me, I'll be staying at the Bellmore Hotel until Friday.






##### Unit 22. I will and I'm going to

I will과 I'm going to 비교




# 1. Future actions

 Will

 (be) going to

 - We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. 

 - The speaker has not decided before.

 - To do Something is a new idea.

 - We use (be) going to when we have already decided to do something. 

 - The speaker has already decided before.

 


 

 + A: Daniel called while you were out.
    B: OK. I'll call him back.

 + A: Daniel called while you were out.
    B: Yes, I know. I'm going to call him back.

 + A: Anna is in the hospital.

    B: Oh really? I didn't know. I'll go and visit her.

 + A: Anna is in the hospital.

    B: Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her tonight.





# 2. Future happenings and situations (predicting the future, 미래상황 예측)


a. Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. 


+ I think the weather will be nice later.

+ I think the weather is going to be nice later.



b. When we say something is going to happen, we think this because of the situation now

(지금 상황으로 인해 일어날 뭔가를 이야기 하는 경우 be going to로 이야기 함)


+ Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. 

=> not It will rain, because we can see that it is going to rain from the clouds that are in the sky now.


+ I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.

=> not I think I'll be sick, because I think I'm going to be sick because I feel terrible now.


Do not use will in this type of situation. (어떤 상황 이야기 후 그걸로 인해 일어난 뭔가를 이야기 할 때는 will을 사용하지 않음)


In other situations, use will. (이 경우가 아니면 will을 써도 됨)


+ Tom will probably get here at about 8:00.

+ I think Jessica will like the present we bought for her.

+ These shoes are very well made. They'll last a long time.


cf. http://jiming.tistory.com/366

When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will/won't.

+ This is a very long line!   Don't worry. we'll get in. 




# Exercises


+ Oh, I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I will do it now.


+ A: The ceiling in this room doesn't look very safe, does it?

   B: No, it looks as if it is going to fall down.


+ It's a nice day, so you have decided to take a walk. Just before you go, you tell your friend.

=> The weather's too nice to stay indoors. I'm going to take a walk. (because of the situation now)


+ You and a friend come home very late. Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisy.

=> Shh! Don't make so much noise. You will take everybody up.


+ John has to ho to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning.

John: Ann, I need a ride to the airport tomorrow morning.

...





##### Units 20-21. Will (Shall/Should)

~할 것이다.





#1. I'll (= I will)



a. We use I'll when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:


* You cannot use the simple present in these sentences.


+ Oh, I left the door ope. I'll go and shut it.

+ What would you like to drink?  -  I'll have some orange juice, please.

+ Did you call Julie?  -  Oh no, I forgot. I'll call her now.

+ I'll go and shut the door. (not I go and shut)


* We often use will in these situations:

Offering to do something(뭔가를 제공해 줄 수 있을 때): 

+ That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.


Agreeing to do something(뭔가에 동의할 때): 

+ A: Can you give Tim this book?

   B: Sure, I'll give it to him when I see hime this afternoon.


Promising to do something(먼가에 약속할 때):

+ Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday.

+ I won't tell anyone what happened. I promise.


Asking somebody to do something(뭔가 할꺼냐고 물어볼때, Will you~?):

+ Will you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.

+ Will you shut the door, please?



b. We often use I think I'll ... and I don't think I'll ...


+ I am a little hungry. I thing I'll have something to eat.

+ I don't think I'll go out tonight. (not I think I won't go out)



c. In spoken English, the negative of will is usually won't (= will not)


+ I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.


* We can use won't to say that somebody refuses to do something: (거절/거부의 의미로도 사용)


+ I've tried to give her advice, but she won't listen.

+ The car won't start. (= The car "refuse" to start)



d. Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do in the future.


+ Ann is working next week. (not Ann will work)

+ Are you going to watch television tonight? (not Will you watch)


*But often, When we talk about the future, we are not talking about what somebody has decided to do.

=> When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will/won't.

하지만 종종 미래를 말할 때 결심한 상태를 말하지 만은 않는다. 미래 일어날 일이나 상황에 대해 예측할 때는 will/won't를 사용한다.


+ A: This is a very long line!       줄이 너무긴데!

   B: Don't worry. We'll get in.    걱정마, 우리 들어갈 수 있어.


+ Jill has lived abroad for a long time. When she come back, she'll find a lot of changes here.

+ A: Where will you be this time next year?  너 내년에 어디있을거 같아?

   B: I'll be in Japan.    나 일본에 있을거 같애.

+ That plate is hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself.

+ Tom won't pass the exam. He hasn't studied hard enough.

+ When will you find out how you did on the exam? 너 시험 어땠는지 언제 알아볼려고 하니?



f. We often use will('ll) with:

 probably

 I'll probably be home late tonight.

 I expect

 I expect the text will take two hours.

 I'm sure

 Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.

 I think

 Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her? 

 I don't think 

 I don't think the exam will be very difficult. 

 I guess

 I guess your parents will be tired after their trip.

 I suppose

 When do you suppose Jan and Mark will get married?

 I doubt

 I doubt you'll need a heavy coat in Las Vegas. It's usually warm there.

 I wonder

 I worry about those people who lost their jobs. I wonder what will happen to them.


After I hope, we generally use the present:


+ I hope Kate passes the exam.

+ I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.




# 2. Shall I / Shall we ...?

: Shall is used in the questions to ask somebody's opinion(especially in offers or suggestions):


+ Shall I open the window?  (= Do you want me to open the window?)

+ Where shall we have lunch?  =  Let's go to Marino's.




# 3. Should

: We use should more often in the same situations:


+ Should I open the window? (= Do you want me to open it?)

+ Where should we have lunch?




# Excercises


'+ Would you like tea or coffee?  -  "I'll have some coffee, please."


+ Thanks for letting me borrow your camera. I'll take it back to you o Monday, OK?


+ Don't be afraid of the dog. It won't hurt.


+ When the new road finished, I expect that my trip to work will take less time.


+ The sky is dark and cloudy. Do you think it will rain?


+ The meeting is still going on. When do you think it will end?

 

+ My car needs to be fixed. How much do you think it will cost?


+ Sally and David are in love. Do you think they'll get married?


+ The future is uncertain. What do you think will happen?






##### Unit 19. (I'm) going to (do)

~할 예정이다.





#1. I am going to do something = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it:


A: Are you going to watch the football game on TV tonight?

B: No, I'm going to go to bed early. I'm tired from my trip.


+

A: I heard Lisa won some money. What is she going to do with it?

B: She's going to buy a new car.


+ I'm going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me?

+ This cheese smells awful. I'm not going to eat it.


* We use "I am doing (present continuous)" when we say what we have arranged to do,

"I am going to do  something" = I've decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do it).

(often the difference is very small and either form is possible.)


+ What time are you meeting Amanda tonight?

+ I'm leaving tomorrow. I already have my plane ticket.


+ The windows are dirty. I'm going to wash them later.

=> I've decided to wash them, but I haven't arranged to wash them.

+ I've decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I'm going to look for another place to live.




#2. You can also say that "something is going to happen" in the future.


* situation now -> future happening


+ The man can't see the wall in front of him. He is going to walk in to the wall.

   그는 앞에 벽을 못봤어. 그는 벽을 향해 걸어가고 있어. => 미래에 벽에 부딪힐 상황을 우리로 하여금 알게(믿게) 만듬


+ Look at those dark clouds! It's going to rain. (the clouds are there now) 비가 올거라는 걸 예상할 수 있음

+ I feel awful. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel awful now) 

+ The economic situation is bad now, and thins are going to get worse.




#3. I was going to (do something) = I intended to do it, but didn't do it: (과거에 의도하였으나, 실제로 하지는 않았음)


+ We were going to fly to New York, but then we decided to drive instead.

+ Peter was going to take the exam, but he changed his mind.

+ I was just going to cross the street when somebody shouted, "Stop!"


We can say that "something was going to happen" (but didn't happen): (수동태가능)


+ I thought it was going to rain, but it didn't it. (but, didn't happen)




# Exercises


+ You bought a sweater, but it doesn't fit you very well. You have decided to return it.


+ You have been offered a job, but you have decided not to take it.


+ The food is awful.


+ It is 8:30. Tom is leaving his house. He should be at work at 8:45, but it takes him 30 minutes to get there. He is going to be late.


+ We were going to fly to New York, but then we decided to drive instead.





##### Unit 18. Present Tense (I am doing / I do) with a Future Meaning

현재진행/현재 시제 (미래의미)





#1. Present Continuous (I am doing) with a future meaning



a. We  can use Present continuous with a future meaning when we has already decided and arranged to do something.


+ This is Ben's calendar for next week.

- He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon.

- He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning.

- He is having dinner with ann on Friday.

=> In all these examples, Ben has already decided and arranged to do these things.


"I'm going to (do)" is also possible, but the present continuous is more natural for arranged to do.


+ What are you going to do Saturday night?

- I'm going to the theater.

+ What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?

- At 10:30. I'm meeting her at the airport.


Do not use "will" to talk about what you have arranged to do.




b. You can also the present continuous for an action just before you begin to do it. (막 방금 시작한거)

This happens especially with verbs of movement (go / come / leave, etc.):


+ I'm tried. I'm going to bed now. Good night.

+ Tina, are you ready yet?  - Yes, I'm coming.





#2. Simple Present (I do) with a future meaning 



a. You can use the simple present when you talk about schedules, programs, etc. 

(for public transportation, movies, etc.):


+ My flight leaves at 11:30, so I need to get to the airport by 10:00.

+ What time does the movie begin?

+ It's Wednesday tomorrow. Tomorrow is Wednesday. (소름돋음ㅋㅋ)


b. You can use the simple present to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a schedule:


+ I start my new job on Monday.

+ What time do you finish work tomorrow?


*but, the continuous is more commonly used for personal arrangements


+ What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow?





# 3. Compare :

 Present Continuous

 Simple Present

 + What time are you arriving?

 + I'm going to the movies tonight.

 What time does the plane arrive?

 The movie starts at 8:15  (tonight).





Units 7-17. Present Perfect and Past






##### Unit 7. Present Perfect (I have done)

현재완료 have+p.p.



A. Study this example conversation:



Dave : Have you traveled a lot, Jane?

Jane : Yes, I've been to lots of places.

Dave : Really? Have you ever been to China?

Jane : Yes, I've been to China twice.

Dave : What about India?

Jane : No, I haven't been to India.


 I/we/they/you have

 traveled

 been

 done, etc.

 he/she/it has


The past participle often ends in -ed, but many important verbs are irregular. See Appendix 1.



B. We use the present perfect when we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now. (과거 한 시점에서 지금까지의 기간동안)

Which is a period that continues until now. (지금까지 계속되어져오는 기간)


+ Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)

+ We've never had a car.

+ Have you read Hamlet?  -  No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.

+ Susan really loves that movies. She's seen it eight times!

+ What a boing movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.



C. with recently / in the last few days / so far(지금까지, 어느정도까지만) / since breakfast, etc.



+ Have you heard from Brian recently?

+ I've met a lot of people in the last few days.

+ Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.

+ I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.

+ It's nice to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.



D. We use the present perfect with today / this morning / this year, etc.

when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (See also Unit 9B, present perfect and simple present) :




+ I've drunk four cups of coffee today. 나 오늘 커피 네잔 째 마시고 있어.

+ Have you had a vacation this year (yet)? Q. 직역

+ I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? Q. 직역

+ Rob hasn't studied very hard this semester.



E. We say: It's the (first) time something has happened. (일어났던 일중에 하나(첫번째, 두번째, 세번째, 마지막... .)


+ This is the first time I've driven a car. 내가 운전해본적 중 처음이야. 내 첫번째 운전이야.

+ Don is taking a driving lesson. It's his first one. Don은 운전연습을 받고있다. 첫번째이다.

= It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drive) 이건 그가 운전해본 첫번째이다. 

= He has never driven a car before. 그는 이전에 운전을 해보지 않았다.

+ Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens)

이건 지갑을 잃어버린지 두번째다.

+ Bill is calling his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's called her tonight.

이건 오늘밤 그가 그녀에게 한 세번째 전화이다.




[Present Perfect and Past : Units 8-9, Present Perfect Continuous :Units 10-11]





##### Unit 8. Present Perfect and Past 1 (I have done and I did)

현재완료 have+p.p. & 과거 1


*요즘엔 될 수 있으면 simple past를 더 많이 사용하고, 몇몇 단순과거로 표현이 안되는 것들만 현재완료로 사용



A + B + C. 


You can use the Present perfect for new or recent happenings(새로운 일 & 최근의 일):

- When we say that "something has happened", this is new information.

The present perfect always tells us something about now.


ex. recent happenings

+ I've lost my keys. Have you seen them?

+ Is Sally here?  -  No, she's gone out.

+ The police have arrested tow people in connection wth the robbery.


ex. new happenings or new informations

+ Have you heard? Bill and Sarah have won the lottery!    

= Bill and Sarah won the lottery!

+ The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident.

= There was an accident.


ex. always tells something about now

+ I'm sorry, but I've forgotten your name. (I can't remember it now.)

+ Sally isn't here. She's gone out. (= She is out now.)

+ I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?)


You can also use the Simple past for things that are not recent or new:


ex. simple past

+ I lost my keys. Did you see them?

+ Is Sally here?  -  No, she went out.

+ The police arrested two people in connection with the robbery.

+ I forgot your name., etc.


ex. not recent or new

+ Mozart as a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

+ My mother grew up in Chile.


Compare : 


+ Shakespeare wrote many plays.

+ My brother is a writer. He has written many books. (he still writes books.)


+ It has stopped raining, so you don't need the umbrella.

+ It stopped raining for a while, but now it's raining again.



D. You can use the simple past or present perfect with just, already, and yet.


Just = a short time ago (막):


A : Are you hungry?

B : No, I just had lunch. (= I've just had lunch.)


A : Why are you so happy?

B : I just heard some good news. (= I've just heard some good news.)


Already = to say that something happened sooner than expected:


A : Don' forgot to mail the letter.

B : I already mailed it. (= I've already mailed it.)


A : What time is Mark leaving?

B : He already left. (= He's already mailed it.)


Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. 

Use yet only in questions and negative sentences :


+ Did it stop raining yet? (= Has it stopped raining yet?

+ I wrote the letter, but I didn't mail it yet. (= I haven't mailed it yet.)





##### Unit 9. Present Perfect and Past 2 (I have done and I did)

현재완료 have+p.p. & 과거 2



A. Do not use the present perfect when you talk about a finished time like

yesterday / 10 minutes ago / in 1999 / when I was a child. Use a past tense : 

and Use the simple past to ask When ...? or What time ...?


+ It was very cold yesterday. 

+ Paul and Lucy went out 10 minutes ago.

+ Did you eat a lot of candy when you were a child?

+ I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed.


+ When did your friends get here?

+ What time did you finish work?


Compare :

 Past Perfect or Simple Past

 Simple Past only

 + Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house.

    = Tom lost his key. 

 + Is Carla here or has she left?

    = Is Carla here or Did she leave?

 + Tom lost his key yesterday. 

           He couldn't get into the house.

  + When did Carla leave?



B. Compare : 

 Past Perfec (have done)

 Simple Past (did)

 We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues until now. 

 today / this week / since 1999

 We use the simple past for a finished  time in the past.
 yesterday / last week / from 1999 to 2005

 + It hasn't rained this week.
 + Have you seen Lisa this morning?
    (It is still morning.)
 + Have you seen Time recently?

 + I don't know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her.

    (= I haven't seen her recently.)

 + We've een waiting for an hour.

    (= We are still waiting now)

 + John lives in Los Angeles. He has lived there for seven years.

 + I have never played golf (in my life).

 + Its the last day of your vacation. You say: It's beea a really good vacation. I've really enjoyed it.

 + It didn't rain last week.

 + Did you see Lisa this morning?

 + A : Was Lisa at the party on Sunday?

    B : I don't think so. I didn't see her.

 + We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. 

     (We are no longer waiting)

 + John lived in New York for 10 years. 

      Now he lives in Los Angeles.

 + I didn't play golf last summer.

 + After you come back from vacation, you say :

    It was a really good vacation. I really enjoyed it.

 

 


[Simple Past : Unit 5, Present Perfect Unit 7, Present Perfect and Past 1 : Unit 8, Present Perfect Continuous : Units 10-11]




##### Unit 10. Present Perfect Continuous (I have been doing)

현재완료진행



A. Study this example situation 1 :


It has been raining.


Is it raining?

No, but the ground is wet.

It has been raining.


We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now.


+ You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= You're out of breath now.)

+ Jason is very tired. He's been working very hard. (= he's tired now.)

+ Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 

+ (on the phone) I'm glad you called. I've been thinking about calling you ...

+ Where have you been? I've been looking everywhere for you.



B. Study this example situation 2 :

We use the present perfect continuous in this way with how log, for, and since

The activity is still happening or has just stopped.


It began raining two hours ago, and it is still rainning.

How long has it been raining?

It has been raining for two hours.


+  How long have you been studying English?

+ Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.

+ Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.

+ Christopher hasn't been feeling well recently.


You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time.


+ Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been plying since she was eight.

+ Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.



C. Compare

 I am doing

 I have been doing

 + Don't bother me now. I'm working.

 + we need an umbrella. It's raining.

 + Hurry up! We're waiting.

 + I've been working hard. Now I'm going to take a break.

 + The ground is wet. It's been raining.

 + We've been waiting for an hour.



[Present Perfects Simple and Continuous : Units 11-12, Present Perfect with for / since : Units 12-13]





##### Unit 11. Present Perfect Continuous and Simple (I have been doing and I have done)

현재완료진행 + 현재완료



A + B 

 I have been doing

 I have done

 Ling's clothes are covered with paint.

 She has been painting the ceiling.  *ceiling 천장

 Has been painting is the present perfect continuous.

 The ceiling was white. Now it is red.

 She has painted the ceiling.

 Has painted is the present perfect simple.

 - We are interested in the activity.

 - It does not matter whether something has been finished or not.

 - In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished.

 - The important thing is that something has been finished.

 - Has painted is a completed action.

 - We are interested in the result of the activity, not the activity itself.

 + My hands are very dirty. Ive been fixing the car.

 + Joe has been eating too much recently.

       He should eat less.

 + It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since the last time we saw you?

 + Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis?

 + The car is OK again now. I've fixed it.

 + Somebody has eaten all my candy. The box is empty.

 + Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it?

 + Have you ever played tennis? 

 We use the continuous to say or ask how long

     for an activity that is still happening.


 + How long have you been reading that book?

 + Lisa is still writing her report. She's been writing it all day.

 + They've been playing tennis since 2:00.

 + I'm studying Spanish, but Ia haven't  been studying it very long.

 We use the simple to say or how much, how many 

     or how many times for completed actions.


 + How much of that book have you read?

 + Lisa has written 10 pages today.

 + They've played tennis three times this week.

 + I;m studying Spanish but I haven't learned very much yet.



C. Some verbs are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A) :


like  love  hate  want  need  prefer  know  realize  suppose   mean  

understand  believe  remember  belong  fit  contain  consist  seem


+ I've known about it for a long time. (not I've been knowing)


But note that you can use want and mean in the present perfect continuous :


+ I've been meaning to phone Pat. but I keep forgetting.    *mean to ~할 셈이다.



[Simple Present Perfect : Units 7-8, Present Perfect Continuous : Unit 10, Present Perfect with for / since : Units 12-13]





##### Unit 12. How long have you (been) ...?

얼마동안 ~해왔니? 얼마동안 ~되어오고 있니?



A. Study this example situation:


Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.

They have been married for 20 years.


We say: They are married. (present)

but      : How long have they been married? (present perfect)

(not How long are they married?)

      They have been married for 20 years.

(not They are married for 20 years)


We use the present perfect (especially with how long, for, and since) to talk about something that 

began in the past and continues to the present time.

 Compare:

 present

 present perfect

 Bill is in the hospital.

 He has been in the hospital since Monday. 

 (not Bill is in the hospital since Monday.)

 Do you know each other well?

 Have you known each other for a long time?

 (not Do you know)

 She's waiting for somebody.

 She's been waiting all morning. 

 Do they have a car?

 How log have you they had their car? 



B. 

 present perfect continuous

 present perfect

 I have been learning / been waiting / been doing, etc.

 I have known/had/lived, etc.


When you ask or say "how long", the continuous is more common (see Unit 10):


+ I've been studying English for six months.

+ It's been raining since lunchtime.

+ Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years.

+ How long have you been driving?  - Since I was 17.


Some verbs (know/like/believe,...) are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A, Unit 10C, 16A) :


like  love  hate  want  need  prefer  know  realize  suppose   mean  

understand  believe  remember  belong  fit  contain  consist  seem

(* want and mean in the present perfect continuous is ok.)


+ How long have you known Emily? (not have you been knowing)

+ I've had a stomachache all day. (not i've been having)



C. You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work:


+ John has been living / has lived in Montreal for a long time. 

+ How long have you been working / have you worked here?


But we use the simple (I've lived / I've worked) with always:


+ Have you always lived in the country? (not always been living)



D. We say "I haven't done something since/for ..."


+ I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him)

+ I hasn't seen called for ages. (= the last time she called was ages ago)





##### Unit 13. For and Since when ...? and How long ...?

얼마동안 ~해왔니? 언제부터 ~해왔니?



A. We use for and since to say how long something has been  (for/since는 how long + has been (-ing))


 for

 since

 for + a period of time (two hours, six weeks, etc.)

 since + that start of a period(8:00, Monday, 1999, etc.)

 I've been waiting for two hours.


 I've been waiting since 8:00. 


 two hours / a long time / a week

 20 minutes / six months / ages

 five days / 50 years / years

 8:00 / April / lunchtime

 Monday / 1985 / we arrived

 May 12 / Christmas / yesterday

 + Kelly has been working here for six months. 

  (not since six months)

 + I haven't seen Tom for three days.

 + Kelly has been working here since April.

  (= from April until now)

 + I haven't seen Tom since Monday. 


It is possible to leave out for (but not in negative sentences) 부정문이 아니면 for를 생략 가능함


+ They've been married (for) 10 years.

+ They haven't had a vacation for 10 years.


We do not use for + all(all day / all my life, etc.) for + all... 형태이면 for를 생략해야 함:


+ I've lived here all my life.


You can use in instead of for in negative sentences 부정문에서는 for대신 in을 사용할 수 있음 :


+ They haven't had a vacation in 10 years.



B. Compare When...?(past) and How long have been (-ing)...?:


+ When did it start raining?

- It started raining an hours ago / at 1:00.

+ How long has it been raining?

- It's been raining for an hour / since 1:00.


+ When did Joe and Carol first meet?

- They first met a long time ago / when they were in high school.

+ How long have they known each other?

- They've known each other for a long time / since they were in high school.



C. We say "It's (= It has) been a long time / two years, etc., since something happened":

 

+ It's been two years since I saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years)

+ It's been ages since we went to the movies. (= We haven't gone to the movies for ages.)


You can ask "How long has it been since ...?":


+ How long has it been since you saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?)

+ How long has it been since Mrs. Hill died? (= When did Mrs. Hill die?)



[How long have you (been) ...? : Unit 12]





##### Unit 14. Past Perfect (I had done)

과거완료 (had + p.p.)



A. Study this example situation:


<At 10:30 p.m.> Bye Eric!

<At 11:00 p.m.> Hi Sarah!


Sarah went to a party last week. Eric went to the party, too, but they didn't see each other.

Eric left the party at 10:30 and Sarah got there at 11:00.

So: When Sarah got to the party, Eric wasn't there.

He had gone home. (가버리고 없는 상태)


 I/we/they/you

 he/she/it

 had

 gone

 seen

 finished, etc.



B. The past perfect is had + past participle(gone/seen/finished, etc).


Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:

+ Sarah got to the party.


This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time,

we use the past perfect(had ...) 어떤 과거의 시점에서 그 이전에 있었던 일을 이야기 할 때(어떤 과거 시점의 상태 중요!) :


+ When Sarah arrived at the party, Eric had already gone home.

   (과거시점)                                     (과거보다 이전에 발생하여 그 과거시점의 상태에 중점)


+ When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into out house.

+ Karen didn't want to go to the movies with us because she'd already seen the film.

+ At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but i soon realized that i'd made a big mistake.

+ The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.



B. Compare:

 Present Perfect

 Past Perfect

 


 + Who is that woman? I've never seen her before.

 + I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before.

   (= before that time)

 + We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch.

 + We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.

 + The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks.

 + The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.



C. Compare:

 Simple Past

 Past Perfect

 A: Was Tome there when you arrived?

 B: Yes, but he left a little later.

 A: Was tome there when you arrived?

 B: No, he had already left. 

 + Amy wasn't at home when I called.

    She was at her mother's house.

 + Amy had just gotten home when I called.

    She had been at her mother's house.





##### Unit 15. Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing)

과거완료진행 (had been + -ing)



A. Study this example situation:


Yesterday morning,


Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window.

The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.

It had been raining.

It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. 

But it had been raining before.


 I/we/they/you

 he/she/it

 had

 been

 doing
 working
 playing 


+ When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was messy, 

and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting.

   그 소년들이 집으로 들어왔을 때, 그들의 옷은 더러웠고, 그들의 머리는 헝클어져있었으며 한 소년의 눈은 멍이 들어있는 있었다(멍이 들어있는 상태였다).

   그들은 (막) 싸웠던 것이다.

+ I was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all day.   집에 도착했었을 때, 난 굉장히 피곤했었다. 하루종일 일을 열심히 했었다.

+ When I went to Tokyo a few years ago, I stayed with a friend of mine.   몇년 전, 내가 도쿄에 갔을 때, 나는 친구네에서 머물렀었다.

She'd been living there only a short time but knew the city very well.   그녀는 아주 잠시 살았던 중이었지만 그 도시에대해 잘 알고있었다.

 (기간이 나와서 ~하는 중이라는 의미로 해석됨 ??)



B. You can say that something had been happing for a period of time before something else happened 

(어떤 일이 일어나기 전 동안의 상황), 기간이 있을 때는 진행 중이었던 걸로 해석 :


+ We'd been playing tennis for about half an hours when it started to rain hard.

비가 심하게 오기 시작했을 때, 우리는 테니스를 친지 1시간 30분정도 되었었다.

+ Jim went to the doctor last Friday. He didn't been feeling well for some time.

Jim은 지난 금요일 병원에 갔었다. 그는 얼마동안 컨디션이 좋지 않고있었다.



C. Compare:

 Present Perfect Continuous (have been -ing)

 Past Perfect Continuous (had been -ing)

 


 + I hope the bus comes soon. 

    I've been waiting for 20 minutes. 

 + James is out of breath. He has been running.

 + The bus finally came. I'd been waiting for 20 minutes.

 + James was out of breath. He had been running.



D. Compare was -ing and had been -ing


+ It wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.

+ Stephanie was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she'd been working very hard.



'Some verbs (know/like/believe,...) are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A) :


like  love  hate  want  need  prefer  know  realize  suppose   mean  

understand  believe  remember  belong  fit  contain  consist  seem


+ We were good friend. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)



[Present Perfect Continuous : Unit10, Past Perfect : Unit 14]





##### Unit 16. Have and Have got



A. 

Have and Have got (for possession, relationships, illnesses, etc.) Have/Have got이 소유/관계/질병을 목적으로 쓰이면 둘 사이에 차이가 없음

You can use have got or have. There is no difference in meaning:


+  They have a new car.     or    They've got a new car.

+ Nancy has two sister.    or    Nancy has got two sisters.

+I have a headache.        or        I've got a headache.

+ He has a few problems.        of        Our house has got a big yard.


When have means "possess," etc., you cannot use continuous forms (is having / are having, etc.)

+ We're enjoying our vacation. We have / have got a nice room in the hotel. (not We're having)


In questions and negative sentences there are two possible forms:

 + Do you have any questions?

 + I don't have any questions.

 + Does she have a car?

 + She doesn't have a car.

 + Have you got any questions?

 + I haven't got any questions.

 + Has she got a car?

 + She hasn't got a gar.



B. For the past we use had (without got):


+ Ann had long hair when she was a child.


In past questions and negative sentences, we use did/didn't:


+ Did they have a car when they were living in Miami?

+ I didn't have a watch, so I didn't know what time is was.

+ Ann had long hair, didn't she?



C. Have breakfast / have trouble / have a good time, etc.

We also us have(but not have got) for many actions and experiences.


have + 

breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / something to eat

a party / a safe trip / a good flight

an accident / an experience / a dream

a look(at something)

a conversation / a discussion / a talk(with somebody)

trouble / difficulty / fun / a good time, etc.

a baby (= give birth to a baby) / an operation


Have got is not possible in the expressions in the box. Compare:


+ Sometimes I have (= eat) a sandwich for lunch.     평소 습관이나 반복적인 일(단순현재)에는 have got을 사용할 수 없음

I've got / I have some sandwiches. Would you like one?  


You can use continuous forms with the expressions in the box:


+ We're enjoying our vacation. We're having a great time.

+ Mike is having trouble with his car. He often has trouble with his car.


In questions and negative sentences, we use do/does/did:


+ I don't usually have a big breakfast.

+ What time does Ann have lunch?

+ Did you have any trouble finding a place to live?



[Have to : Unit 30]





##### Unit 17. Used to (do)



A. Study this example situation:


A few years ago <-> these days


David quit jogging two years ago. He doesn't jog anymore.

But he used to jog.

He used to jog three miles a day.

He used to jog = he jogged regularly in the past, but he doesn't jog now.




B. Something used to happen = it happened regularly in the past but no longer happens: 현재에는 안하고 과거에 주기적으로 했던 거


+ I used to play tennis a lot, but I don't play very often now.

+ David used to spend a lot of money on clothes. These days he can't afford it.

+ Do you go to the movies much?  -  Not anymore, but I used to. (= I used to go)


we also use used to ... for something that was true but is not true anymore: 사실이었지만 지금은 더이상 아닌 거


+ This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a move theater.

+ I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realize he's a very nice person.

+ I've started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.

+ Nicole used to have very long hair when we was a child.



C. "I used to do something" is past. There is no present form. You cannot say "I use to do."

To talk about the present, use  the simple present (I do).

 Past

 Present

 he used to play

 he plays 
 we used to live 

 we live 

 there used to be

 there is 


+ We used to live in a small town, but now we live in Chicago.

+ There used to be four movie theaters in town. Now there is only one.



D. The normal question form is did (you) use to ...?

+ Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child?


The negative form is didn't use to ...

+ i didn't use to like him.



E. Compare I used to do and I was doing:


+ I used to watch TV a lot when I was little. (= I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this)

+ I was watching TV when Mike called. (= I was in the middle of watching a program)



D. Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 59). 

The structures and meanings are different:


+ I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone)

+ I am used to living alone. (= I live alone, and I don't find it strange of difficult because I've been living alone for some time)



[Past Continuous(I was doing : Unit 6, Would(= used to) : Unit 34C, Be/get used to (doing) something : Unit59]








* words


+ so far 지금까지, 어느정도 까지만

+ for ages / in ages 

in connection with

+ awful 무시무시한, 끔찍한, 지독한

+ over a period of time 시간동안에

+ in a period ~의 시기에

+ over a period ~동안

+ ceiling 천장

mean to ~할 셈이다

+ keep up with somebody/something ~를 따라가다.

+ with their mouths full

+ there mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full

+ on has hands and knees on the floor


* expressions


What a boing movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.

+ a friend of yours

+ I call to reserve a table. 예약한다.

 After you come back from vacation, 

+ It's nearly lunchtime,  

+ Don't bother me. 건드리지마. 귀찮게하지마. => 방해하지마로 많이사용됨

+ I quit drinking coffee. 그만두다.(비격식);(직장,학교)를 그만두다.;(하던일을)그만하다.

+ I got a phone call from Jenny. 난 제니의 전화를 받았다.

+ Half an hour after I ~

+ Three hours after I ~

+ After 20 minutes I suddenly realized that I was in the wrong restaurant.







Units 1-6. Present and Past






##### Unit 1. Present Continuous (I am doing)

현재진행



A. Study this example situation:


Sarah is in her car, She is on her way to work.

She is driving to work.

=> She is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished.


 I

 am 

 driving 

 he/she/it

 is

 working

 we/you/they

 are

 doing, etc.



B. I am doing something.

= I'm in the middle of doing it.

= I've started doing it and I haven't finished yet.

=> 뭔가를 계속 하고있는 중이며 아직 끝나지 않았음.


ex. case 1

+ What's all that noise? What's going on?    (= What's happening?)

+ Let's go out now. It isn't raining anymore.   (not It doesn't rain.)


ex. case 2

+ Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says :

I'm reading a reaaly good book at the moment. It's about a man who ...

=> Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking.

He means that he has started it but has not finished it yet. He is the middle of reading it.

+ Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's studying Italian. 

(but perhaps she isn't studying Italian at the time of speaking)


+ Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer.



C. You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year, etc.

=> periods around now


+

A : You're working hard today. (not You work hard today.)

B : Yes, I have a lot to do.


+ The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.



D. We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now,     

especially with these verbs :


 get / change / become / increase / rise / fall / grow / improve / begin / start

=> 지금 순간에서 뭔가 상황이 바뀌고 있는 시점에


+ Is your English getting better?

+ The population of the word is increasing very fast.

+ At first I didn't like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it now.


[Present Continuous and Simple Present : Unit 3-4, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]



Exercises. 


1.2 - 4.

+ Kate called me last night. She's on vacation in Quebec. She having a great time and doesn't want to come home.

* have는 소유의 의미로 쓸때는 진행형으로 쓸 수 없지만, 경험(뱝을먹다, 시간을 갖다...)의 의미로 사용하면 진행도 OK.





##### Unit 2. Simple Present (I do)

현재



A. Study this example situation:


Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.

He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.)

but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.)

 I/we/you/they

 drive/work/do, etc. 

 he/she/it

 drives/works/does, etc.



B. We use the simple present to talk about things in general

We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general


+ Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.

+ I usually leave for work at 8 a.m.

+ The earth goes around the sun.

+ The coffee shop opens at 7:30 in the morning.



C. We use do / does to make questions and negative sentences.


+ Questions sentences :

 do 

 does

 I/we/you/they

 he/she/it

 work?

 drive?

 do?


+ Negative sentences :

 I/we/you/they

 he/she/it

 don't

 doesn't

 work

 drive

 do


ex. case 1.

+ I come from Japan. Where do you come from?

+ I don't go to church very often.

+ What does this word mean? (not What means this word?)

+ Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.


ex. case 2. In the following examples, do is also the main verb :

+ What do you do?  -  I work in a department store.

+ He's always so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help.



D. We use the simple present to say how often we do things :


+ I get up at 8:00 every morning.

+ How often do you go to the dentist?

+ Julie doesn't drink tea very often.

+ Robert usually plays tennis tow or three times a week in the summer.



E. I promise / I apologize, etc.

Sometimes we do things by saying them. 


When you promise to do something, you can say , "I promise ..." 

+ I promise I won't be late.


When you suggest something, you can say, "I suggest ..."

+ What do you suggest I do?  -  I suggest that you spend less money.


In the same way, we say : 

I advise ... / I insist ... / I refuse ... / I supose ... , etc.



[Simple Present and Present Continuous : Unit 3-4, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]





##### Unit 3. Present Continuous and Simple Present 1 (I am doing and I do)

현재진행 & 현재 1



A. Compare:


 Present Continuous (I am doing)

 Simple Present (I do)

 

 

 We use the continuous for things 

           happening at or around the time of speaking

 The action is not complete.

      

  + The water is boiling. Can you turn if off?

  + Listen to those people. What language are they seaking?

  + Let's go out. It isn't raining now.

  + What are you doing (now)?

  + Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian.

  + The population of the world is increasing very fast.


 We use the simple for things 

            in general or things that happen repeatedly.


  + Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

  + Excuse me, do you speak English?

  + It doesn't rain very much in summer.

  + what do you usually do after work?

  + I always get hungry in the afternoon.

  + Most people learn to swim when they are children.

  + Every day the population of the world increases by about 

          200,000 people.

 

 We use the present continuous for temporary situations.

    => 임시적인 상황 (일시적인 x)


  + I'm living with some friends

            until I find a place of my own.

  + A : You're working hard today.

     B : Yes, I have a log to do.


 we use the simple present for permanent situations. 


  + My parents live in Vancouver. They have lived there 

         all their lives.

  + John isn't lazy. He works hard most of the time.




B. I always do and I'm always doing


I always do (something) = I do it every time : 

+ I always drive to work. (not I'm always driving)


I always doing (something)

+ I've lost my key again. I'm always losing things. 

=> I lose things very often, perhaps too often, or more often than normal.


 + You're always watching television. You should do something more active.

=> You watch too much television.


+ Tim is never satisfied. He's always complaining.

=> He complains too much.



[Present Continuous and Simple Present 2 : Unit 4, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]





##### Unit 4. Present Continuous and Simple Present 2 (I am doing and I do)

현재진행 & 현재 2



A. We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have have started but not finished.

=> they are eating / it is raining, etc.

Some verbs are not normally used in this way. The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous :


like  love  hate  want  need  prefer  know  realize  suppose   mean  

understand  believe  remember  belong  fit  contain  consist  seem


+ I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (not I'm want)

+ Do you understand what I mean?

+ Ann doesn't seem very happy.



B. "Think"

When "think" means "consider", we can use the continuous : 

+ I'm thinking about what happened. I often think about it.

+ Nicky is thinking of quitting her job. (= She is considering it.)


When "think" means "believe" or "have an opinion", the continuous is impossible : 

+ I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I'm thinking)

+ What do you think about my plan? (= What is your opinion?)



C. He is selfish and He is being selfish

He's being = He's behaving / He's acting. Compare :

+ I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.

=> being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment

+ He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being)

=> He is selfish generally, not only at the moment


=> We use  is being to say how somebody is behaving. (somebody가 어떻게 처신하는지)

It is not usually possible in other sentences :

+ It's hot today. (not It's being hot.)

+ Sarah is very tired. (not She is being tired.)   



D. 지각동사 중, See  /  hear  /  smell  /  taste 는 단순현재 사용

=> We normally use the simple present with these verbs.


+ Do you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing)

+ This room smells. Let's open a window.


We often use can + see / hear / smell / taste.

+ I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?



E. 지각동사 중, Look  /  feel 는 현재 및 진행형 둘다 가능

=> You can use the simple present or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now. 어떻게 보이느니, 어떻게 느끼는지.


+ You look good today.     or    You're looking good today.

+ How do you feel now?     or    How are you feeling now?


but, I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I'm usually feeling)



[Present Continuous and Simple Present 1 : Unit 3, Have : Unit 16, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]





##### Unit 5. Simple Past (I did)

과거



A. Study this example :


Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. 

He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. 

He was only 35 years old when he died.



B. Regular verbs : Very often the simple past ends in -ed. (See Appendix 6.)


+ The police stopped me on my way home last night.

+ We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.


But many verbs are irregular. This means the simple past does not end int -ed. (See Appendix 1.)


+ Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

+ It was cold, so I shut the window.



C. In questions and negatives we use did / didn't + base form(enjoy/see/go, etc.) :

+ Past sentences :

 I

 she

 they

 enjoyed

 saw

 went


+ Questions sentences :

 did

 you

 she

 they

 enjoy?

 see?

 go?


+ Negatives sentences :

 I

 she

 they

 didn't

 enjoy

 see

 go


ex. case 1.

+ Did you go out last night?  -  Yes,, I went to the movies, but I didn't enjoy the film much.

+ They didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't go.

+ Did you have time to write the letter?  -  No, I didn't.


ex. case 2. In the following examples, do is also the main verb in the sentence  :

+ What did you do on the weekend?  (not What did you on the weekend?)

+ I didn't do anything. (not I didn't anything)



D. The past of be (am / is / are) is was / were :

+ Past sentences :

 I/he/she/it

 we/you/they

 was/wasn't

 were/weren's


+ Past sentences :

 was

 were

 I/he/she/it?

 we/you/they?


Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were :

 

+ I was angry because they were late.

+ Was the weather good when you were on vacation?

+ They weren't able to come because they were so busy.

+ Did you go out last night, or were you too tired?



[Simple Past and Past Continuous : Unit 6, Present Perfect and Simple Past ; Units 12-13]





##### Unit 5. Past Continuous (I was doing)

과거진행



A. Study this example situation:


Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00 and finished at 11:30.

So, at 10:30 they were playing tennis.

=> they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished play at the time.


 I/he/she/it

 we/you/they

 was

 were

 playing

 doing

 working, etc.




B. I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. 특정시간에 무언갈 하고 있었던 중



+ This time last year I was living in Brazil.    *This time last year : 작년 이시간에

+ What were you doing at 10:00 last night?

+ I waved to Helen, but she wasn't looking.    *wave to : ~에게 손을 흔들다



C. Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and simple past (I did)


 Past Continuous (I was doing)

 Simple Past (I did)

 + I was walking home when I met Dave.

 + Kate was watching television when we arrived.

 + I walked home after the party last night.

 + Kate watched television a lot when she was last year.



D. We often use the simple past and the past continuous together to say that 

something happened in the middle of something else

(과거에 일어난 일의 중간에 일어난 다른 일을 말할 때 함께 씀) :


+ Matt burned his hand while he was cooking dinner.

+ It was raining when I got up.

+ I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.

+ I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.


But we use the simple past to say that on thing happened after another 

(다른게 일어난 후에 일어난 일을 말할 때는 그냥 과거) :


+ I was walking downtown when I saw Dave. So I stopped, and we talked for a while.


Compare :

 When Karen arrived, we were having dinner.

 => We had already started before she arrived.

 When Karen arrived, we had dinner.

 => Karen arrived, and then we had dinner together.



E. Some verbs are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A) :


like  love  hate  want  need  prefer  know  realize  suppose   mean  

understand  believe  remember  belong  fit  contain  consist  seem


+ We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)

+ I was having a good time at the party, but Chris wanted to ho home. (not was wanting)








* burn 관련


burn oneself 데다.

burn one's finger 손가락을 데다. [비유]괜히 참여해서 혼이나다.

burn in 진하게 인쇄하다. [비유]마음에 새기다.

burn into one's memory 기억에 새겨지다.

burn into one's mind 마음에 새겨지다.

burn one's lips 열을 올려 지껄이다.

burn together ~을 태워 이어 맞추다.

Burn you! 젠장, 뒈져라!

burn one's money 돈을 다 써버리다.

burn the breeze [속어]전속력으로 달리다.

burn the wind [속어]서둘러(달려)가다.

burn down 불기운이 죽다. 다 태워벌비다. [속어]낙담하게하다.

burn out 다 타다.

burn off 불살라 버리다. (= burn up)

burn low 힘없이 타다. 화력이 약해지다.

burn itself away 다 타버리다.

burn up 다 태워버리다. 확 타오르다. 열받다.

 + burn up the telephone 전화로 화내다.



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