Units 1-6. Present and Past
##### Unit 1. Present Continuous (I am doing)
현재진행
A. Study this example situation:
Sarah is in her car, She is on her way to work.
She is driving to work.
=> She is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished.
I |
am |
driving |
he/she/it |
is |
working |
we/you/they |
are |
doing, etc. |
B. I am doing something.
= I'm in the middle of doing it.
= I've started doing it and I haven't finished yet.
=> 뭔가를 계속 하고있는 중이며 아직 끝나지 않았음.
ex. case 1
+ What's all that noise? What's going on? (= What's happening?)
+ Let's go out now. It isn't raining anymore. (not It doesn't rain.)
ex. case 2
+ Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says :
I'm reading a reaaly good book at the moment. It's about a man who ...
=> Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking.
He means that he has started it but has not finished it yet. He is the middle of reading it.
+ Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's studying Italian.
(but perhaps she isn't studying Italian at the time of speaking)
+ Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer.
C. You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year, etc.
=> periods around now
+
A : You're working hard today. (not You work hard today.)
B : Yes, I have a lot to do.
+ The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.
D. We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now,
especially with these verbs :
get / change / become / increase / rise / fall / grow / improve / begin / start
=> 지금 순간에서 뭔가 상황이 바뀌고 있는 시점에
+ Is your English getting better?
+ The population of the word is increasing very fast.
+ At first I didn't like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it now.
[Present Continuous and Simple Present : Unit 3-4, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]
Exercises.
1.2 - 4.
+ Kate called me last night. She's on vacation in Quebec. She having a great time and doesn't want to come home.
* have는 소유의 의미로 쓸때는 진행형으로 쓸 수 없지만, 경험(뱝을먹다, 시간을 갖다...)의 의미로 사용하면 진행도 OK.
##### Unit 2. Simple Present (I do)
현재
A. Study this example situation:
Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.
He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.)
but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.)
I/we/you/they |
drive/work/do, etc. |
he/she/it |
drives/works/does, etc. |
B. We use the simple present to talk about things in general.
We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general :
+ Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.
+ I usually leave for work at 8 a.m.
+ The earth goes around the sun.
+ The coffee shop opens at 7:30 in the morning.
C. We use do / does to make questions and negative sentences.
+ Questions sentences :
do does |
I/we/you/they he/she/it |
work? drive? do? |
+ Negative sentences :
I/we/you/they he/she/it |
don't doesn't |
work drive do |
ex. case 1.
+ I come from Japan. Where do you come from?
+ I don't go to church very often.
+ What does this word mean? (not What means this word?)
+ Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.
ex. case 2. In the following examples, do is also the main verb :
+ What do you do? - I work in a department store.
+ He's always so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help.
D. We use the simple present to say how often we do things :
+ I get up at 8:00 every morning.
+ How often do you go to the dentist?
+ Julie doesn't drink tea very often.
+ Robert usually plays tennis tow or three times a week in the summer.
E. I promise / I apologize, etc.
Sometimes we do things by saying them.
When you promise to do something, you can say , "I promise ..."
+ I promise I won't be late.
When you suggest something, you can say, "I suggest ..."
+ What do you suggest I do? - I suggest that you spend less money.
In the same way, we say :
I advise ... / I insist ... / I refuse ... / I supose ... , etc.
[Simple Present and Present Continuous : Unit 3-4, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]
##### Unit 3. Present Continuous and Simple Present 1 (I am doing and I do)
현재진행 & 현재 1
A. Compare:
Present Continuous (I am doing) |
Simple Present (I do) |
 | |
We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not complete.
+ The water is boiling. Can you turn if off? + Listen to those people. What language are they seaking? + Let's go out. It isn't raining now. + What are you doing (now)? + Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian. + The population of the world is increasing very fast. |
We use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly. + Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. + Excuse me, do you speak English? + It doesn't rain very much in summer. + what do you usually do after work? + I always get hungry in the afternoon. + Most people learn to swim when they are children. + Every day the population of the world increases by about 200,000 people. |
We use the present continuous for temporary situations. => 임시적인 상황 (일시적인 x) + I'm living with some friends until I find a place of my own. + A : You're working hard today. B : Yes, I have a log to do. |
we use the simple present for permanent situations. + My parents live in Vancouver. They have lived there all their lives. + John isn't lazy. He works hard most of the time. |
B. I always do and I'm always doing
I always do (something) = I do it every time :
+ I always drive to work. (not I'm always driving)
I always doing (something)
+ I've lost my key again. I'm always losing things.
=> I lose things very often, perhaps too often, or more often than normal.
+ You're always watching television. You should do something more active.
=> You watch too much television.
+ Tim is never satisfied. He's always complaining.
=> He complains too much.
[Present Continuous and Simple Present 2 : Unit 4, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]
##### Unit 4. Present Continuous and Simple Present 2 (I am doing and I do)
현재진행 & 현재 2
A. We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have have started but not finished.
=> they are eating / it is raining, etc.
Some verbs are not normally used in this way. The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous :
like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean
understand believe remember belong fit contain consist seem
+ I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (not I'm want)
+ Do you understand what I mean?
+ Ann doesn't seem very happy.
B. "Think"
When "think" means "consider", we can use the continuous :
+ I'm thinking about what happened. I often think about it.
+ Nicky is thinking of quitting her job. (= She is considering it.)
When "think" means "believe" or "have an opinion", the continuous is impossible :
+ I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I'm thinking)
+ What do you think about my plan? (= What is your opinion?)
C. He is selfish and He is being selfish
He's being = He's behaving / He's acting. Compare :
+ I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
=> being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment
+ He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being)
=> He is selfish generally, not only at the moment
=> We use is being to say how somebody is behaving. (somebody가 어떻게 처신하는지)
It is not usually possible in other sentences :
+ It's hot today. (not It's being hot.)
+ Sarah is very tired. (not She is being tired.)
D. 지각동사 중, See / hear / smell / taste 는 단순현재 사용
=> We normally use the simple present with these verbs.
+ Do you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing)
+ This room smells. Let's open a window.
We often use can + see / hear / smell / taste.
+ I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?
E. 지각동사 중, Look / feel 는 현재 및 진행형 둘다 가능
=> You can use the simple present or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now. 어떻게 보이느니, 어떻게 느끼는지.
+ You look good today. or You're looking good today.
+ How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now?
but, I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I'm usually feeling)
[Present Continuous and Simple Present 1 : Unit 3, Have : Unit 16, Present Tenses with a Future Meaning : Unit 18]
##### Unit 5. Simple Past (I did)
과거
A. Study this example :
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer.
He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
He was only 35 years old when he died.
B. Regular verbs : Very often the simple past ends in -ed. (See Appendix 6.)
+ The police stopped me on my way home last night.
+ We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.
But many verbs are irregular. This means the simple past does not end int -ed. (See Appendix 1.)
+ Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
+ It was cold, so I shut the window.
C. In questions and negatives we use did / didn't + base form(enjoy/see/go, etc.) :
+ Past sentences :
I she they | enjoyed saw went |
+ Questions sentences :
did | you she they | enjoy? see? go? |
+ Negatives sentences :
I she they | didn't | enjoy see go |
ex. case 1.
+ Did you go out last night? - Yes,, I went to the movies, but I didn't enjoy the film much.
+ They didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't go.
+ Did you have time to write the letter? - No, I didn't.
ex. case 2. In the following examples, do is also the main verb in the sentence :
+ What did you do on the weekend? (not What did you on the weekend?)
+ I didn't do anything. (not I didn't anything)
D. The past of be (am / is / are) is was / were :
+ Past sentences :
I/he/she/it we/you/they | was/wasn't were/weren's |
+ Past sentences :
was were | I/he/she/it? we/you/they? |
Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were :
+ I was angry because they were late.
+ Was the weather good when you were on vacation?
+ They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
+ Did you go out last night, or were you too tired?
[Simple Past and Past Continuous : Unit 6, Present Perfect and Simple Past ; Units 12-13]
##### Unit 5. Past Continuous (I was doing)
과거진행
A. Study this example situation:
Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00 and finished at 11:30.
So, at 10:30 they were playing tennis.
=> they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished play at the time.
I/he/she/it we/you/they | was were | playing doing working, etc. |
B. I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. 특정시간에 무언갈 하고 있었던 중
+ This time last year I was living in Brazil. *This time last year : 작년 이시간에
+ What were you doing at 10:00 last night?
+ I waved to Helen, but she wasn't looking. *wave to : ~에게 손을 흔들다
C. Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and simple past (I did)
Past Continuous (I was doing) | Simple Past (I did) |
+ I was walking home when I met Dave. + Kate was watching television when we arrived. | + I walked home after the party last night. + Kate watched television a lot when she was last year. |
D. We often use the simple past and the past continuous together to say that
something happened in the middle of something else
(과거에 일어난 일의 중간에 일어난 다른 일을 말할 때 함께 씀) :
+ Matt burned his hand while he was cooking dinner.
+ It was raining when I got up.
+ I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
+ I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
But we use the simple past to say that on thing happened after another
(다른게 일어난 후에 일어난 일을 말할 때는 그냥 과거) :
+ I was walking downtown when I saw Dave. So I stopped, and we talked for a while.
Compare :
When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. => We had already started before she arrived. | When Karen arrived, we had dinner. => Karen arrived, and then we had dinner together. |
E. Some verbs are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A) :
like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean
understand believe remember belong fit contain consist seem
+ We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)
+ I was having a good time at the party, but Chris wanted to ho home. (not was wanting)
* burn 관련
burn oneself 데다.
burn one's finger 손가락을 데다. [비유]괜히 참여해서 혼이나다.
burn in 진하게 인쇄하다. [비유]마음에 새기다.
burn into one's memory 기억에 새겨지다.
burn into one's mind 마음에 새겨지다.
burn one's lips 열을 올려 지껄이다.
burn together ~을 태워 이어 맞추다.
Burn you! 젠장, 뒈져라!
burn one's money 돈을 다 써버리다.
burn the breeze [속어]전속력으로 달리다.
burn the wind [속어]서둘러(달려)가다.
burn down 불기운이 죽다. 다 태워벌비다. [속어]낙담하게하다.
burn out 다 타다.
burn off 불살라 버리다. (= burn up)
burn low 힘없이 타다. 화력이 약해지다.
burn itself away 다 타버리다.
burn up 다 태워버리다. 확 타오르다. 열받다.
+ burn up the telephone 전화로 화내다.