Units 7-17. Present Perfect and Past
##### Unit 7. Present Perfect (I have done)
현재완료 have+p.p.
A. Study this example conversation:
Dave : Have you traveled a lot, Jane?
Jane : Yes, I've been to lots of places.
Dave : Really? Have you ever been to China?
Jane : Yes, I've been to China twice.
Dave : What about India?
Jane : No, I haven't been to India.
I/we/they/you have | traveled been done, etc. | |
| he/she/it has | ||
The past participle often ends in -ed, but many important verbs are irregular. See Appendix 1.
B. We use the present perfect when we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now. (과거 한 시점에서 지금까지의 기간동안)
Which is a period that continues until now. (지금까지 계속되어져오는 기간)
+ Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)
+ We've never had a car.
+ Have you read Hamlet? - No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.
+ Susan really loves that movies. She's seen it eight times!
+ What a boing movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.
C. with recently / in the last few days / so far(지금까지, 어느정도까지만) / since breakfast, etc.
+ Have you heard from Brian recently?
+ I've met a lot of people in the last few days.
+ Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.
+ I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
+ It's nice to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.
D. We use the present perfect with today / this morning / this year, etc.,
when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (See also Unit 9B, present perfect and simple present) :
+ I've drunk four cups of coffee today. 나 오늘 커피 네잔 째 마시고 있어.
+ Have you had a vacation this year (yet)? Q. 직역
+ I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? Q. 직역
+ Rob hasn't studied very hard this semester.
E. We say: It's the (first) time something has happened. (일어났던 일중에 하나(첫번째, 두번째, 세번째, 마지막... .)
+ This is the first time I've driven a car. 내가 운전해본적 중 처음이야. 내 첫번째 운전이야.
+ Don is taking a driving lesson. It's his first one. Don은 운전연습을 받고있다. 첫번째이다.
= It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drive) 이건 그가 운전해본 첫번째이다.
= He has never driven a car before. 그는 이전에 운전을 해보지 않았다.
+ Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens)
이건 지갑을 잃어버린지 두번째다.
+ Bill is calling his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's called her tonight.
이건 오늘밤 그가 그녀에게 한 세번째 전화이다.
[Present Perfect and Past : Units 8-9, Present Perfect Continuous :Units 10-11]
##### Unit 8. Present Perfect and Past 1 (I have done and I did)
현재완료 have+p.p. & 과거 1
*요즘엔 될 수 있으면 simple past를 더 많이 사용하고, 몇몇 단순과거로 표현이 안되는 것들만 현재완료로 사용
A + B + C.
You can use the Present perfect for new or recent happenings(새로운 일 & 최근의 일):
- When we say that "something has happened", this is new information.
- The present perfect always tells us something about now.
ex. recent happenings
+ I've lost my keys. Have you seen them?
+ Is Sally here? - No, she's gone out.
+ The police have arrested tow people in connection wth the robbery.
ex. new happenings or new informations
+ Have you heard? Bill and Sarah have won the lottery!
= Bill and Sarah won the lottery!
+ The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident.
= There was an accident.
ex. always tells something about now
+ I'm sorry, but I've forgotten your name. (I can't remember it now.)
+ Sally isn't here. She's gone out. (= She is out now.)
+ I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?)
You can also use the Simple past for things that are not recent or new:
ex. simple past
+ I lost my keys. Did you see them?
+ Is Sally here? - No, she went out.
+ The police arrested two people in connection with the robbery.
+ I forgot your name., etc.
ex. not recent or new
+ Mozart as a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
+ My mother grew up in Chile.
Compare :
+ Shakespeare wrote many plays.
+ My brother is a writer. He has written many books. (he still writes books.)
+ It has stopped raining, so you don't need the umbrella.
+ It stopped raining for a while, but now it's raining again.
D. You can use the simple past or present perfect with just, already, and yet.
Just = a short time ago (막):
A : Are you hungry?
B : No, I just had lunch. (= I've just had lunch.)
A : Why are you so happy?
B : I just heard some good news. (= I've just heard some good news.)
Already = to say that something happened sooner than expected:
A : Don' forgot to mail the letter.
B : I already mailed it. (= I've already mailed it.)
A : What time is Mark leaving?
B : He already left. (= He's already mailed it.)
Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen.
Use yet only in questions and negative sentences :
+ Did it stop raining yet? (= Has it stopped raining yet?
+ I wrote the letter, but I didn't mail it yet. (= I haven't mailed it yet.)
##### Unit 9. Present Perfect and Past 2 (I have done and I did)
현재완료 have+p.p. & 과거 2
A. Do not use the present perfect when you talk about a finished time like
yesterday / 10 minutes ago / in 1999 / when I was a child. Use a past tense :
and Use the simple past to ask When ...? or What time ...?
+ It was very cold yesterday.
+ Paul and Lucy went out 10 minutes ago.
+ Did you eat a lot of candy when you were a child?
+ I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed.
+ When did your friends get here?
+ What time did you finish work?
Compare :
Past Perfect or Simple Past | Simple Past only | |
+ Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house. = Tom lost his key. + Is Carla here or has she left? = Is Carla here or Did she leave? | + Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house. + When did Carla leave? | |
B. Compare :
Past Perfec (have done) | Simple Past (did) | |
We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues until now. today / this week / since 1999 | We use the simple past for a finished time in the past. | |
+ It hasn't rained this week. + I don't know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her. (= I haven't seen her recently.) + We've een waiting for an hour. (= We are still waiting now) + John lives in Los Angeles. He has lived there for seven years. + I have never played golf (in my life). + Its the last day of your vacation. You say: It's beea a really good vacation. I've really enjoyed it. | + It didn't rain last week. + Did you see Lisa this morning? + A : Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B : I don't think so. I didn't see her. + We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (We are no longer waiting) + John lived in New York for 10 years. Now he lives in Los Angeles. + I didn't play golf last summer. + After you come back from vacation, you say : It was a really good vacation. I really enjoyed it.
| |
[Simple Past : Unit 5, Present Perfect Unit 7, Present Perfect and Past 1 : Unit 8, Present Perfect Continuous : Units 10-11]
##### Unit 10. Present Perfect Continuous (I have been doing)
현재완료진행
A. Study this example situation 1 :
It has been raining.
Is it raining?
No, but the ground is wet.
It has been raining.
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now.
+ You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= You're out of breath now.)
+ Jason is very tired. He's been working very hard. (= he's tired now.)
+ Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
+ (on the phone) I'm glad you called. I've been thinking about calling you ...
+ Where have you been? I've been looking everywhere for you.
B. Study this example situation 2 :
We use the present perfect continuous in this way with how log, for, and since.
The activity is still happening or has just stopped.
It began raining two hours ago, and it is still rainning.
How long has it been raining?
It has been raining for two hours.
+ How long have you been studying English?
+ Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.
+ Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.
+ Christopher hasn't been feeling well recently.
You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time.
+ Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been plying since she was eight.
+ Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.
C. Compare
I am doing | I have been doing | |
+ Don't bother me now. I'm working. + we need an umbrella. It's raining. + Hurry up! We're waiting. | + I've been working hard. Now I'm going to take a break. + The ground is wet. It's been raining. + We've been waiting for an hour. | |
[Present Perfects Simple and Continuous : Units 11-12, Present Perfect with for / since : Units 12-13]
##### Unit 11. Present Perfect Continuous and Simple (I have been doing and I have done)
현재완료진행 + 현재완료
A + B
I have been doing | I have done | |
Ling's clothes are covered with paint. She has been painting the ceiling. *ceiling 천장 Has been painting is the present perfect continuous. | The ceiling was white. Now it is red. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. | |
- We are interested in the activity. - It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. - In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished. | - The important thing is that something has been finished. - Has painted is a completed action. - We are interested in the result of the activity, not the activity itself. | |
+ My hands are very dirty. Ive been fixing the car. + Joe has been eating too much recently. He should eat less. + It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since the last time we saw you? + Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? | + The car is OK again now. I've fixed it. + Somebody has eaten all my candy. The box is empty. + Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it? + Have you ever played tennis? | |
We use the continuous to say or ask how long for an activity that is still happening. + How long have you been reading that book? + Lisa is still writing her report. She's been writing it all day. + They've been playing tennis since 2:00. + I'm studying Spanish, but Ia haven't been studying it very long. | We use the simple to say or how much, how many or how many times for completed actions. + How much of that book have you read? + Lisa has written 10 pages today. + They've played tennis three times this week. + I;m studying Spanish but I haven't learned very much yet. | |
C. Some verbs are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A) :
like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean
understand believe remember belong fit contain consist seem
+ I've known about it for a long time. (not I've been knowing)
But note that you can use want and mean in the present perfect continuous :
+ I've been meaning to phone Pat. but I keep forgetting. *mean to ~할 셈이다.
[Simple Present Perfect : Units 7-8, Present Perfect Continuous : Unit 10, Present Perfect with for / since : Units 12-13]
##### Unit 12. How long have you (been) ...?
얼마동안 ~해왔니? 얼마동안 ~되어오고 있니?
A. Study this example situation:
Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They have been married for 20 years.
We say: They are married. (present)
but : How long have they been married? (present perfect)
(not How long are they married?)
They have been married for 20 years.
(not They are married for 20 years)
We use the present perfect (especially with how long, for, and since) to talk about something that
began in the past and continues to the present time.
Compare:
present | present perfect | |
Bill is in the hospital. | He has been in the hospital since Monday. (not Bill is in the hospital since Monday.) | |
Do you know each other well? | Have you known each other for a long time? (not Do you know) | |
She's waiting for somebody. | She's been waiting all morning. | |
Do they have a car? | How log have you they had their car? | |
B.
present perfect continuous | present perfect | |
I have been learning / been waiting / been doing, etc. | I have known/had/lived, etc. | |
When you ask or say "how long", the continuous is more common (see Unit 10):
+ I've been studying English for six months.
+ It's been raining since lunchtime.
+ Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years.
+ How long have you been driving? - Since I was 17.
Some verbs (know/like/believe,...) are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A, Unit 10C, 16A) :
like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean
understand believe remember belong fit contain consist seem
(* want and mean in the present perfect continuous is ok.)
+ How long have you known Emily? (not have you been knowing)
+ I've had a stomachache all day. (not i've been having)
C. You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work:
+ John has been living / has lived in Montreal for a long time.
+ How long have you been working / have you worked here?
But we use the simple (I've lived / I've worked) with always:
+ Have you always lived in the country? (not always been living)
D. We say "I haven't done something since/for ..."
+ I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him)
+ I hasn't seen called for ages. (= the last time she called was ages ago)
##### Unit 13. For and Since when ...? and How long ...?
얼마동안 ~해왔니? 언제부터 ~해왔니?
A. We use for and since to say how long something has been (for/since는 how long + has been (-ing))
for | since | |
for + a period of time (two hours, six weeks, etc.) | since + that start of a period(8:00, Monday, 1999, etc.) | |
I've been waiting for two hours. | I've been waiting since 8:00. | |
two hours / a long time / a week 20 minutes / six months / ages five days / 50 years / years | 8:00 / April / lunchtime Monday / 1985 / we arrived May 12 / Christmas / yesterday | |
+ Kelly has been working here for six months. (not since six months) + I haven't seen Tom for three days. | + Kelly has been working here since April. (= from April until now) + I haven't seen Tom since Monday. | |
It is possible to leave out for (but not in negative sentences) 부정문이 아니면 for를 생략 가능함:
+ They've been married (for) 10 years.
+ They haven't had a vacation for 10 years.
We do not use for + all(all day / all my life, etc.) for + all... 형태이면 for를 생략해야 함:
+ I've lived here all my life.
You can use in instead of for in negative sentences 부정문에서는 for대신 in을 사용할 수 있음 :
+ They haven't had a vacation in 10 years.
B. Compare When...?(past) and How long have been (-ing)...?:
+ When did it start raining?
- It started raining an hours ago / at 1:00.
+ How long has it been raining?
- It's been raining for an hour / since 1:00.
+ When did Joe and Carol first meet?
- They first met a long time ago / when they were in high school.
+ How long have they known each other?
- They've known each other for a long time / since they were in high school.
C. We say "It's (= It has) been a long time / two years, etc., since something happened":
+ It's been two years since I saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years)
+ It's been ages since we went to the movies. (= We haven't gone to the movies for ages.)
You can ask "How long has it been since ...?":
+ How long has it been since you saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?)
+ How long has it been since Mrs. Hill died? (= When did Mrs. Hill die?)
[How long have you (been) ...? : Unit 12]
##### Unit 14. Past Perfect (I had done)
과거완료 (had + p.p.)
A. Study this example situation:
<At 10:30 p.m.> Bye Eric!
<At 11:00 p.m.> Hi Sarah!
Sarah went to a party last week. Eric went to the party, too, but they didn't see each other.
Eric left the party at 10:30 and Sarah got there at 11:00.
So: When Sarah got to the party, Eric wasn't there.
He had gone home. (가버리고 없는 상태)
I/we/they/you he/she/it | had | gone seen finished, etc. | |
B. The past perfect is had + past participle(gone/seen/finished, etc).
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
+ Sarah got to the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time,
we use the past perfect(had ...) 어떤 과거의 시점에서 그 이전에 있었던 일을 이야기 할 때(어떤 과거 시점의 상태 중요!) :
+ When Sarah arrived at the party, Eric had already gone home.
(과거시점) (과거보다 이전에 발생하여 그 과거시점의 상태에 중점)
+ When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into out house.
+ Karen didn't want to go to the movies with us because she'd already seen the film.
+ At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but i soon realized that i'd made a big mistake.
+ The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.
B. Compare:
Present Perfect | Past Perfect | |
| ||
+ Who is that woman? I've never seen her before. | + I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before. (= before that time) | |
+ We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch. | + We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. | |
+ The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks. | + The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks. | |
C. Compare:
Simple Past | Past Perfect | |
A: Was Tome there when you arrived? B: Yes, but he left a little later. | A: Was tome there when you arrived? B: No, he had already left. | |
+ Amy wasn't at home when I called. She was at her mother's house. | + Amy had just gotten home when I called. She had been at her mother's house. | |
##### Unit 15. Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing)
과거완료진행 (had been + -ing)
A. Study this example situation:
Yesterday morning,
Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window.
The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
It had been raining.
It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining.
But it had been raining before.
I/we/they/you he/she/it | had | been | doing | |
+ When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was messy,
and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting.
그 소년들이 집으로 들어왔을 때, 그들의 옷은 더러웠고, 그들의 머리는 헝클어져있었으며 한 소년의 눈은 멍이 들어있는 있었다(멍이 들어있는 상태였다).
그들은 (막) 싸웠던 것이다.
+ I was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all day. 집에 도착했었을 때, 난 굉장히 피곤했었다. 하루종일 일을 열심히 했었다.
+ When I went to Tokyo a few years ago, I stayed with a friend of mine. 몇년 전, 내가 도쿄에 갔을 때, 나는 친구네에서 머물렀었다.
She'd been living there only a short time but knew the city very well. 그녀는 아주 잠시 살았던 중이었지만 그 도시에대해 잘 알고있었다.
(기간이 나와서 ~하는 중이라는 의미로 해석됨 ??)
B. You can say that something had been happing for a period of time before something else happened
(어떤 일이 일어나기 전 동안의 상황), 기간이 있을 때는 진행 중이었던 걸로 해석 :
+ We'd been playing tennis for about half an hours when it started to rain hard.
비가 심하게 오기 시작했을 때, 우리는 테니스를 친지 1시간 30분정도 되었었다.
+ Jim went to the doctor last Friday. He didn't been feeling well for some time.
Jim은 지난 금요일 병원에 갔었다. 그는 얼마동안 컨디션이 좋지 않고있었다.
C. Compare:
Present Perfect Continuous (have been -ing) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been -ing) | |
| ||
+ I hope the bus comes soon. I've been waiting for 20 minutes. + James is out of breath. He has been running. | + The bus finally came. I'd been waiting for 20 minutes. + James was out of breath. He had been running. | |
D. Compare was -ing and had been -ing
+ It wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.
+ Stephanie was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she'd been working very hard.
'Some verbs (know/like/believe,...) are not normally use in the continuous (See Unit 4A) :
like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean
understand believe remember belong fit contain consist seem
+ We were good friend. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)
[Present Perfect Continuous : Unit10, Past Perfect : Unit 14]
##### Unit 16. Have and Have got
A.
Have and Have got (for possession, relationships, illnesses, etc.) Have/Have got이 소유/관계/질병을 목적으로 쓰이면 둘 사이에 차이가 없음
You can use have got or have. There is no difference in meaning:
+ They have a new car. or They've got a new car.
+ Nancy has two sister. or Nancy has got two sisters.
+I have a headache. or I've got a headache.
+ He has a few problems. of Our house has got a big yard.
When have means "possess," etc., you cannot use continuous forms (is having / are having, etc.)
+ We're enjoying our vacation. We have / have got a nice room in the hotel. (not We're having)
In questions and negative sentences there are two possible forms:
+ Do you have any questions? + I don't have any questions. + Does she have a car? + She doesn't have a car. | + Have you got any questions? + I haven't got any questions. + Has she got a car? + She hasn't got a gar. | |
B. For the past we use had (without got):
+ Ann had long hair when she was a child.
In past questions and negative sentences, we use did/didn't:
+ Did they have a car when they were living in Miami?
+ I didn't have a watch, so I didn't know what time is was.
+ Ann had long hair, didn't she?
C. Have breakfast / have trouble / have a good time, etc.
We also us have(but not have got) for many actions and experiences.
have +
breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / something to eat
a party / a safe trip / a good flight
an accident / an experience / a dream
a look(at something)
a conversation / a discussion / a talk(with somebody)
trouble / difficulty / fun / a good time, etc.
a baby (= give birth to a baby) / an operation
Have got is not possible in the expressions in the box. Compare:
+ Sometimes I have (= eat) a sandwich for lunch. 평소 습관이나 반복적인 일(단순현재)에는 have got을 사용할 수 없음
I've got / I have some sandwiches. Would you like one?
You can use continuous forms with the expressions in the box:
+ We're enjoying our vacation. We're having a great time.
+ Mike is having trouble with his car. He often has trouble with his car.
In questions and negative sentences, we use do/does/did:
+ I don't usually have a big breakfast.
+ What time does Ann have lunch?
+ Did you have any trouble finding a place to live?
[Have to : Unit 30]
##### Unit 17. Used to (do)
A. Study this example situation:
A few years ago <-> these days
David quit jogging two years ago. He doesn't jog anymore.
But he used to jog.
He used to jog three miles a day.
He used to jog = he jogged regularly in the past, but he doesn't jog now.
B. Something used to happen = it happened regularly in the past but no longer happens: 현재에는 안하고 과거에 주기적으로 했던 거
+ I used to play tennis a lot, but I don't play very often now.
+ David used to spend a lot of money on clothes. These days he can't afford it.
+ Do you go to the movies much? - Not anymore, but I used to. (= I used to go)
we also use used to ... for something that was true but is not true anymore: 사실이었지만 지금은 더이상 아닌 거
+ This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a move theater.
+ I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realize he's a very nice person.
+ I've started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.
+ Nicole used to have very long hair when we was a child.
C. "I used to do something" is past. There is no present form. You cannot say "I use to do."
To talk about the present, use the simple present (I do).
| Past | Present |
he used to play | he plays |
| we used to live | we live |
| there used to be | there is |
+ We used to live in a small town, but now we live in Chicago.
+ There used to be four movie theaters in town. Now there is only one.
D. The normal question form is did (you) use to ...?
+ Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child?
The negative form is didn't use to ...
+ i didn't use to like him.
E. Compare I used to do and I was doing:
+ I used to watch TV a lot when I was little. (= I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this)
+ I was watching TV when Mike called. (= I was in the middle of watching a program)
D. Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 59).
The structures and meanings are different:
+ I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone)
+ I am used to living alone. (= I live alone, and I don't find it strange of difficult because I've been living alone for some time)
[Past Continuous(I was doing : Unit 6, Would(= used to) : Unit 34C, Be/get used to (doing) something : Unit59]
* words
+ so far 지금까지, 어느정도 까지만
+ for ages / in ages
+ in connection with
+ awful 무시무시한, 끔찍한, 지독한
+ over a period of time 시간동안에
+ in a period ~의 시기에
+ over a period ~동안
+ ceiling 천장
+ mean to ~할 셈이다
+ keep up with somebody/something ~를 따라가다.
+ with their mouths full
+ there mouths were empty, but their stomachs were full
+ on has hands and knees on the floor
* expressions
+ What a boing movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.
+ a friend of yours
+ I call to reserve a table. 예약한다.
+ After you come back from vacation,
+ It's nearly lunchtime,
+ Don't bother me. 건드리지마. 귀찮게하지마. => 방해하지마로 많이사용됨
+ I quit drinking coffee. 그만두다.(비격식);(직장,학교)를 그만두다.;(하던일을)그만하다.
+ I got a phone call from Jenny. 난 제니의 전화를 받았다.
+ Half an hour after I ~
+ Three hours after I ~
+ After 20 minutes I suddenly realized that I was in the wrong restaurant.